What type of thermal energy transfer occurs through electromagnetic radiation?

Thermal energy transfer through electromagnetic radiation is specifically referred to as radiation. This form of energy transfer does not require a medium, meaning it can occur in a vacuum. All objects emit electromagnetic radiation depending on their temperature; for example, the Sun transfers heat to the Earth through radiation, allowing for warmth and light to reach us despite the vacuum of space.

In radiation, energy is propagated through electromagnetic waves, which can travel through various media including air and vacuum. This process is distinct from conduction, which is the transfer of heat through direct contact between materials, and convection, which involves the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) that carry heat with them. Insulation refers to materials used to reduce heat transfer but is not a method of thermal energy transfer itself.